The aim of the study was to assess whether GM plants could persist in the environment for long enough and in high enough number to cause impurities in later crops. Much of the evidence on persistence of feral plants had been obtained for non-GM varieties. The relatively little evidence for GM varieties in the UK and the rest of Europe was somewhat fragmented. The use of models was recognised by DEFRA as a way to bring together and make better use of such information. The present project had to develop preliminary ideas in modelling into a more flexible, predictive framework.